posted 07-08-2014 06:33 AM               

Let's say you design a piece of the Lunar Module and you find it weighs 1lb more than expected.

What difference does 1lb make?

Well, according to wikipedia a typical Lunar Module weighed 14.8 tons, of which 4.6 tons were in the ascent stage and 10.2 tons in the descent stage.

Adding 1lb to the weight of the ascent stage means that descent stage needs to be proportionally heavier. The extra weight of propellant etc required in the descent stage would be roughly 10.15/4.55 x 1lb = 2.23lbs.

So overall the Lunar Module now weighs 1 + 2.23 = 3.23lbs more than before.

Also according to wikipedia, a typical Saturn V rocket could carry a payload of 45 tons to the moon (TLI) based on an overall weight of the launcher of 3,000 tons.

The ratio of overall launcher weight to payload is therefore roughly 3000/45 = 66.67:1.

This means that to carry the extra 3.23lbs of LM mass to the moon adds 3.23 * 66.67 = 215lbs to the overall weight of the Saturn V launcher.

Basically adding 1lb to the mass of the LM equates to an additional 215lbs of mass at launch based on this rough calculation. An extra 9.5lbs equates to roughly a ton of extra launch weight.

posted 07-08-2014 07:37 PM               

There are numerous discussions regarding the impact of the LM's weight. Early on, Grumman formulated growth factors:

• All items carried from separation to touchdown (staged) must be multiplied by the Descent Growth Factor 2.824.
  
• All items carried from Separation to Burnout (unstaged) [i.e., back to lunar orbit] must be multiplied by the Round Trip Growth Factor 6.682.
  
• To obtain the affect of items carried from lift-off to burnout in the Ascent Stage multiply the item by the Ascent Growth Factor 2.366.
  
• The penalty for lunar liftoff capability differs from the Round Trip Growth Factor. The lunar lift-off payload is only carried
  from the lunar surface to Burnout, however, the Descent stage must carry an increase in propellant to land the Ascent stage propellant required to carry the lunar payload. The lunar lift-off capability factor is 4.285.

At one point, NASA decided to increase the theoretical size of the astronauts from 65 to 75 percentile men (which added 13.2 pounds). I seem to recall reading somewhere (although apparently not in the Mass Properties Reports) that they were considering reducing rations to a lower calorie count, again to shave weight.

As noted above, the weight of the LM also influenced the size of the Saturn V. Stages to Saturn takes a slightly different look at it:

To get one more kilogram of payload, the laws of orbital mechanics required that 14 kilograms be cut from the S-IC; or four to five kilograms from the S-II; but only one from the S-IVB.

As to the choice of lunar orbit rendezvous, there were several advantages. As noted in another post, less spacecraft mass was required. This implies that a single Saturn V, rather than some newer and larger booster (or multiple Saturn Vs), was sufficient to launch the lunar mission.

Developing a newer, larger booster would have taken additional time, making it unlikely to land a man on the moon before the end of the decade.

A direct ascent would have required landing a rocket approximately the size of an Atlas on the lunar surface. It took a small army to launch an Atlas, but launching from the lunar surface would have to be done by only the crew, with little to no access to the booster during the countdown.

It would have been much more challenging to land such a large vehicle on the lunar surface. Additionally, most studies had the astronauts in their couches -- attempting to land this large spacecraft on their backs, with no direct viewing the landing area.