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Forum:	Satellites - Robotic Probes
Topic:	Reentry: European Remote Sensing-2 satellite

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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="600"><TR><td bgcolor="#000000"><TABLE BORDER=0 cellpadding=4 border=0 cellspacing=1 WIDTH="100%"><TR bgcolor="#660000"><TD COLSPAN=2><CENTER>T O P I C     R E V I E W</CENTER></TD></TR><TR bgcolor="#494949"><TD valign=top>Robert Pearlman</TD><TD>European Space Agency (ESA) release <blockquote>Heritage ERS-2 satellite to reenter Earth's atmosphereThroughout its 16-year working life, the second European Remote Sensing satellite, ERS-2, returned a wealth of information that revolutionised our perspective of our planet and understanding of climate change. As well as leaving a remarkable legacy of data that still continue to advance science, this outstanding mission set the stage for many of today's satellites and ESA's position at the forefront of Earth observation.In 2011, ESA retired ERS-2 and began the process of deorbiting – and now it's time for this pioneering satellite to reenter the atmosphere naturally and start to burn up.ERS-2 was launched in 1995 following on from its sister satellite, ERS-1, which had been launched four years earlier.At their time of launch, the two ERS satellites were the most sophisticated Earth observation satellites ever developed.Both satellites carried an impressive package of instruments including an imaging synthetic aperture radar, a radar altimeter and other powerful sensors to measure ocean-surface temperature and winds at sea. ERS-2 had an additional sensor to measure atmospheric ozone.These ground-breaking ESA satellites collected a bounty of data on Earth's diminishing polar ice, changing land surfaces, sea-level rise, warming oceans and atmospheric chemistry. In addition, were called upon to monitor natural disasters such as severe floods and earthquakes in remote parts of the world.The various technologies pioneered on ERS set the stage for successor missions such as the hugely successful Envisat mission, the MetOp weather satellites, today's family of Earth Explorer scientific research missions and the Copernicus Sentinels as well as many other national satellite missions, paving the way for the routine observations that we take for granted today.For example, the ERS radar was the forerunner of the radar on today's Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission, its radar altimeter provided heritage for the sensor on the CryoSat Earth Explorer mission to map changes in ice thickness and the ERS radiometer lives on in the version carried on Copernicus Sentinel-3.ERS-2's Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) was the forerunner of Sciamachy on Envisat and GOME-2 on MetOp.Back when ERS-2 was launched the notion of climate change was far less appreciated and understood than it is today – but the ERS missions gave scientists the data that helped us to begin to understand the impact that humans are having on the planet.Thousands of scientific papers have been published based on ERS data, and thanks to ESA's Heritage Space Programme, which ensures that data from now-inactive satellites continue to be improved and used, more findings on our changing world and the risks we face will still emerge.ERS-2 was still functioning when ESA declared the mission complete in 2011 and subsequently embarked upon lowering its altitude from about 785 km to 573 km to minimise the risk of collision with other satellites, and fully passivated the satellite.ERS-2's disposal was conducted considering ESA's space debris mitigation requirements at that time to new projects, demonstrating the Agency's strong commitment to reduce space debris.After 13 years of orbital decay, mainly driven by solar activity, the satellite will now naturally reenter Earth's atmosphere. This is expected to happen around mid-February, with predictions improving the closer we get to reentry point.ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris" target="AirLock">Space Debris Office</a> is, of course, monitoring the satellite's orbit decay very closely in coordination with several international partners, and will provide regular updates in the days leading up to reentry on both the <a href="https://reentry.esoc.esa.int/events/1995-021A" target="AirLock">ESA's Reentry Predictions Page</a> and the <a href="https://blogs.esa.int/rocketscience/2024/02/05/ers-2-reentry-homepage/" target="AirLock">Rocket Science Blog.</a></blockquote></TD></TR><TR bgcolor="#333333"><TD valign=top>Robert Pearlman</TD><TD>European Space Agency (ESA) release <blockquote>ERS-2 spotted by other satellites during descentESA's European Remote Sensing 2 satellite (ERS-2) was recently spotted tumbling as it descends through the atmosphere. These images were captured by cameras on board other satellites by Australian company HEO on behalf of the UK Space Agency.<center><a href="http://www.collectspace.com/review/esa_ers2_reentry01-lg.jpg" target="AirLock"><img src="http://www.collectspace.com/review/esa_ers2_reentry01.jpg" width="400" height="400" border="0"></a></center>Above: This image of ERS-2 was captured at 14:43 UTC on 14 January 2024. (HEO)How and why were they taken?National space agencies operate national reentry warning services and often conduct research to inform future policies and guidelines on safe and sustainable space operations.They share data with ESA and other international partners through forums such as the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee to support the monitoring of satellite reentries.<center><a href="http://www.collectspace.com/review/esa_ers2_reentry02-lg.jpg" target="AirLock"><img src="http://www.collectspace.com/review/esa_ers2_reentry02.jpg" width="400" height="400" border="0"></a></center>Above: This image of ERS-2 was captured at 23:49 UTC on 29 January 2024. (HEO)The UK Space Agency recently worked with HEO to capture these images of ERS-2 during its descent. Using cameras on other satellites to image objects reentering the atmosphere is a relatively new approach. In future, these images may be used alongside data from ground-based sensors to refine reentry predictions.These images were captured during 'flyby' inspections, during which a satellite photographs an inactive spacecraft, rocket body, upper stage or uncontrolled space debris as it passes. This is opposed to dedicated inspection missions, such as the recently launched Astroscale ADRAS-J mission, which approach an object and conduct prolonged close-proximity investigations.<center><a href="http://www.collectspace.com/review/esa_ers2_reentry03-lg.jpg" target="AirLock"><img src="http://www.collectspace.com/review/esa_ers2_reentry03.jpg" width="400" height="400" border="0"></a></center>Above: This image of ERS-2 was captured at 03:43 UTC on 3 February 2024. (HEO)</blockquote></TD></TR><TR bgcolor="#494949"><TD valign=top>Robert Pearlman</TD><TD>From ESA Operations (<A HREF="https://twitter.com/esaoperations/status/1760393871341609335" TARGET=_blank>via X</A>): <BLOCKQUOTE>We have confirmation of the atmospheric reentry of ERS-2 at 17:17 UTC (18:17 CET [12:17 p.m. EST]) +/- 1 minute over the North Pacific Ocean between Alaska and Hawaii (<A HREF="https://maps.app.goo.gl/92FdzBsGGXW8XpbE7" TARGET=_blank>coordinates</A>).No damage to property has been reported.</BLOCKQUOTE></TD></TR></TABLE></td></tr></table>

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